Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge retrieval into the generation pipeline, enabling responses that are grounded, adaptive, and up to date. While RAG can improve factual accuracy compared to models relying solely on pre-trained data, its effectiveness in practice depends strongly on the quality, relevance, and interpretability of retrieved context, and does not eliminate hallucinations entirely. Recent architectures such as Fusion-in-Decoder, Atlas, and ColBERT-RAG demonstrate measurable gains in retrieval precision, scalability, and cross-domain generalization. However, persistent challenges remain, including retrieval noise that can override model reasoning, hallucinations that persist even with high-quality evidence, latency constraints that hinder real-time deployment, and fragile domain adaptation. Moreover, although partial metrics and task-specific benchmarks exist, the absence of a unified evaluation framework for retrieval–generation grounding and robustness complicates fair comparison and reproducible progress. Rather than offering an exhaustive survey, this review provides a focused analytical perspective on retrieval design and architectural evolution in RAG systems. It consolidates representative architectures while critically examining structural limitations related to retrieval–generation coupling as a design choice, context over-reliance, and privacy-preserving computation. Building on these insights, the paper outlines future research directions, including structured knowledge integration via GraphRAG, modular agent-based orchestration in Agentic RAG, improved retrieval filtering, and unified evaluation methodologies. As RAG architectures continue to evolve rapidly in a pre-standardization phase, a more analytically grounded understanding of their design trade-offs is essential for advancing trustworthy and domain-adaptive language systems

Research was conducted on the detection of batik wastewater in the batik industry of Pekalongan, which generates liquid waste containing synthetic dyes, heavy metals, and hazardous compounds that can potentially pollute the environment if not properly treated. This study aims to develop a simple detection method based on digital image analysis to identify the color characteristics of batik wastewater. Data were obtained by sampling liquid waste from several affected rivers, which were then analyzed using a digital camera and image processing software to determine the intensity values of the red, green, and blue (RGB) channels. The results show that variations in waste concentration significantly influence the distribution of RGB values, enabling faster, cheaper, and more practical identification of pollution patterns compared to conventional laboratory methods. These findings are expected to serve as the foundation for developing a digital technology-based batik wastewater quality monitoring system as part of efforts to mitigate environmental pollution in Pekalongan.
 
Keywords - Batik wastewater, Digital image analysis, RGB intensity, Environmental pollution, Image processing

Coral reefs are vital habitats for numerous fish species, providing food, shelter, and breeding grounds. In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, these ecosystems are threatened by human activities and natural disturbances. This study aimed to assess the biodiversity of reef fish in relation to coral health degradation. Researchers used the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) and Underwater Visual Census (UVC) methods to evaluate fish abundance and coral coverage across three locations with six sampling stations. 936 reef fish individuals, representing 35 species and 14 families, were recorded, with the Pomacentridae family being the most prevalent. The highest coral coverage, categorized as fair, was found at Location II (Blebak Beach) at Stations 3 and 4, with coverage of 27.93% and 25.61%, respectively. This coral coverage was positively correlated with reef fish abundance, with counts of 238 and 246 individuals (average ± SD: 242 ± 5.65). The biodiversity index indicated a dominance index (D) ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 (in the fair category), a high evenness index (E) between 0.75 and 1, and a low dominance index (D) between 0.05 and 0.14. A significant correlation was found between coral coverage and reef fish numbers (P < 0.05, R² = 0.8702), with a linear regression equation of y=6.26+67.71. The findings suggest that the health of coral reef ecosystems significantly affects reef fish populations. Hereafter, the healthiness of this ecosystem will support the scientific core development of Marine Sciences as well as fulfill society's need (economically).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global health issue that can lead to serious complications and long-term medical care. This study aims to identify key clinical factors associated with CKD status using binary logistic regression analysis. The dataset, obtained from Kaggle, contains 400 patient records with various clinical and demographic attributes. The dependent variable is CKD status (positive or negative), while the independent variables include age, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, urine albumin level, and serum creatinine. Initial analysis involved descriptive statistics and multicollinearity checks, followed by model estimation and evaluation using likelihood ratio and Wald tests. The final model identified four significant predictors: blood pressure, hemoglobin, urine albumin, and serum creatinine. The model achieved a high classification accuracy of 95.50% and an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 98.78%, indicating excellent predictive performance. These results highlight the importance of these clinical indicators in early CKD detection and support their use in risk assessment models for kidney disease screening
Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Binary Logistic Regression, Likelihood Ratio Test, Wald Test, Classification Accuracy

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of one-tier board supervision mechanisms across Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, examining the effectiveness of corporate governance frameworks in emerging market contexts. The research employs a doctrinal normative legal methodology, analyzing statutory instruments including Indonesia's Job Creation Law No. 6 of 2023, Malaysia's Companies Act 2016, and Singapore's Companies Act 1967. The introduction of Indonesia's Individual Limited Liability Company (PT Perseorangan) represents a significant paradigmatic shift from traditional two-tier governance structures, necessitating examination of supervisory adequacy within simplified corporate frameworks. The comparative analysis reveals fundamental disparities in regulatory sophistication, with Malaysia and Singapore demonstrating comprehensive fiduciary duty frameworks, mandatory company secretary requirements, and graduated enforcement mechanisms. In contrast, Indonesia's PT Perseorangan exhibits critical institutional deficiencies, including normative conflicts between statutory provisions, limited directorial responsibility regulation, and inadequate enforcement responsiveness. The findings demonstrate that effective one-tier governance systems require sophisticated institutional support mechanisms extending beyond regulatory simplification. Malaysia's stringent Section 213 fiduciary duty provisions and Singapore's technology-enabled enforcement approach provide robust oversight despite absent traditional supervisory boards. The research establishes that successful governance transitions require institutional preparation rather than mere regulatory amendment, with Indonesia's framework requiring substantial reform incorporating company secretary mandates, comprehensive fiduciary duty provisions, and graduated enforcement systems. These findings contribute to institutional theory literature by demonstrating context-dependent governance effectiveness and provide practical recommendations for enhancing corporate accountability in simplified governance structures within emerging market jurisdictions.

This research investigates the impact of digital tax payment methods on the tax compliance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) located in Surakarta City. It hypothesizes that a digitalized tax system will enhance efficiency and convenience for taxpayers, thereby fostering greater compliance. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study utilizes a simple linear regression approach for its analysis. The participant pool comprises all active MSME operators in Surakarta City who possess a Taxpayer Identification Number (NPWP). A total of 90 respondents were carefully selected to form the sample. Data collection was performed via questionnaires designed to assess both tax payment digitalization indicators and MSME tax compliance levels. Initial findings reveal that the majority of participants are productive-aged women, engaged primarily in the culinary, retail, fashion, and creative services industries, with most businesses having operated for over three years. These preliminary observations establish a foundational understanding of the characteristics of Surakarta's MSMEs as the subject of this study. Subsequent analysis will focus on rigorously testing the hypothesized causal link between digitalization and tax compliance.

This study aims to examine the influence of digital promotion, service quality, and lifestyle on consumer decision-making in using the services of Omahbiru Wedding Organizer, located in Kediri. The background of this research stems from the increasing competition among wedding organizer businesses in the digital era, which requires service providers to adapt their marketing strategies to the preferences and behavior of modern consumers. A quantitative research approach was applied, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 108 respondents who had previously used Omahbiru’s services. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, assisted by SmartPLS 3.0 software. The study examined three independent variables digital promotion, service quality, and lifestyle and one dependent variable, namely consumer decision. The findings reveal that all three independent variables have a significant simultaneous effect on consumer decisions. Individually, lifestyle and service quality have a stronger influence compared to digital promotion, which shows a moderate effect. The R-Square value of 0.488 indicates that these variables explain 48.8% of the variance in consumer decision-making. These results highlight the importance of aligning digital promotional strategies, service excellence, and lifestyle compatibility to attract and retain customers in the wedding organizer industry.
Keywords: digital promotion, service quality, lifestyle, consumer decision, wedding organizer
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh promosi digital, kualitas layanan, dan gaya hidup terhadap keputusan konsumen dalam menggunakan jasa Omahbiru Wedding Organizer yang berlokasi di Kediri. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada meningkatnya persaingan antar wedding organizer di era digital, yang menuntut pelaku usaha untuk menyesuaikan strategi pemasarannya dengan preferensi dan perilaku konsumen modern. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif, dengan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner kepada 108 responden yang sebelumnya telah menggunakan jasa Omahbiru. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) berbasis Partial Least Squares (PLS), menggunakan bantuan software SmartPLS versi 3.0. Penelitian ini menguji tiga variabel independen—promosi digital, kualitas layanan, dan gaya hidup—serta satu variabel dependen yaitu keputusan konsumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga variabel independen berpengaruh signifikan secara simultan terhadap keputusan konsumen. Secara parsial, variabel gaya hidup dan kualitas layanan memberikan pengaruh yang lebih kuat dibandingkan promosi digital, yang memberikan pengaruh sedang. Nilai R-Square sebesar 0,488 menunjukkan bahwa ketiga variabel mampu menjelaskan 48,8% variasi dalam pengambilan keputusan konsumen. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya kesesuaian strategi promosi digital, pelayanan yang unggul, dan penyesuaian gaya hidup dalam menarik dan mempertahankan pelanggan di industri wedding organizer.
Kata Kunci: promosi digital, kualitas layanan, gaya hidup, keputusan konsumen, wedding organizer

Mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia, are psychological phenomena that are widely addressed in literary works because they can reflect the inner conflicts of individuals as well as the social problems surrounding them. This study aims to uncover how schizophrenia is represented in the main character of the novel "Skizofrenia" by Disadisso using a psychological literary approach based on Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques involving reading and noting the text of the novel. Data are analyzed through the grouping of schizophrenia symptoms, tracing causes, and examining the influence of social interactions on the character's development of the disorder. The results show that the main character, Fara, experiences various symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, social withdrawal, and thought disorders, which arise from psychosocial stress, childhood trauma, and a lack of social and family support. The conclusion of the study This research emphasizes that schizophrenia is not only a mental disorder from a purely medical perspective, but also a result of the failure of social and repressive cultural relationships, which is clarified through the literary psychology approach of Lev Vygotsky.

This research aims to determine the extent to which students’ English proficiency levels improve over the course of the program as measured by the British Council EnglishScore (BCES), and to evaluate the effect size of the observed change in test scores. The study employed a pre-experimental, one-group pretest-posttest design. English proficiency score was assessed through pre- and post-tests using the BCES platform. The pretest and posttest scores were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A paired samples t-test was conducted to determine statistical significance, and Cohen's d was calculated to assess the effect size of the intervention. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in students’ EnglishScore performance following the intervention. However, the effect size indicates that the gain was modest. While students showed progress on average, the improvement was not dramatic, suggesting that the impact of the short-term intervention was limited. These results highlight the importance of sustained instructional design and the need for realistic expectations when implementing short-term English language programs. Future research should consider longer-term interventions, incorporate control groups for comparison, and include qualitative data to better understand learners' experiences and engagement with digital proficiency assessments.

This research aims to determine whether the budget formulation of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative is in accordance with the norms and statutory regulations as stipulated in Law Number 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives, particularly in relation to Article 33 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution, which emphasizes the principle of independence in the national economy. The results of this study focus on optimizing the establishment of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative to support the formation of national-scale cooperatives that function not only as savings and loan institutions driving the economy, but also address the challenges and risks that may arise from the establishment of the Merah Putih Cooperative. First, the issue of economic scale is crucial. Operations at the village level are often limited by available resources and market reach. Second, human resource capacity is a determining factor. The management of funds amounting to IDR 3–5 billion requires financial, business, operational, and marketing management skills that are not always present in every village. Experience with Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) shows that one of their main challenges is finding local residents who are truly skilled managers. Third, elite capture or control by local elites can become a bottleneck. In villages with weak governance, influential figures may abuse their authority to control the cooperative for personal gain. Similar occurrences are often found in grant programs from Ministries/Agencies or the private sector, where key individuals dominate and exploit these resources for their own interests. Fourth, the risk of fraud.