This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

This study aims to find out about . What are the legal provisions for determining suspects as pretrial objects in criminal law and b What are the legal implications for re-determination of suspects after being canceled by a pretrial decision. The data collection method in this study was carried out by literature study, which is a way of collecting data by searching and studying library materials (literature, research results, scientific magazines, scientific bulletins, scientific journals, etc.). Legal materials are collected through inventory procedures and identification of laws and regulations, as well as classification and systematization of legal materials according to research problems. Therefore, the data collection technique used in this study was a literature study. The results of the study show that pretrial is a new thing in the life of law enforcement in Indonesia, has a goal to be upheld and protected, namely protecting the rights of suspects at the level of investigation and prosecution or preventing the arbitrariness of law enforcement officials against someone who is undergoing a legal process and To guarantee the protection of human rights and for law enforcers to carry out their duties consistently, the Criminal Procedure Code establishes a new institution called pretrial. Seeing the contents of the decision as referred to in Article 82 paragraph (3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, that there are 3 (three) types of implementation of pretrial decisions: committing certain acts, paying an amount of money and providing rehabilitation. The legal basis for pretrial authority in deciding the suspect's determination is found in the Constitutional Court (MK) decision No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 which states that the determination of the status of a suspect is included in the object of pretrial and also in its ruling that Article 77 of the Criminal Procedure Code is contrary to the 1945 Constitution and does not have binding legal force as long as the pretrial is not interpreted including determination of suspects, searches , and confiscation. Meanwhile, the background to the addition of pretrial authority in deciding the determination of the suspect is that the determination of the suspect's status is the end result of the investigation activities carried out which are none other than the object of pretrial. Criminal acts after the status of the determination of the suspect is declared invalid in the pretrial decision are basically still valid. Examination in pretrial cases is only in the administrative area of the investigative process. Often the Pretrial decision which cancels the determination of the suspect by the investigator, is based.

Electronic cane: It is an electronic cane designed in the shape of a long white cane, but it provides the blind with ultrasonic frequencies that he can feel under his hand and through an audible alarm when it hits a certain obstacle in its path{1}. It can also detect obstacles in all directions at a distance of five meters. The ends of this cane are made of lead. The International Federation of the Blind, which is one of the organizations affiliated with the United Nations, has declared October 15 of each year as the International Day of the White Cane for the Blind, due to the utmost importance of the white cane for the blind, as it makes him depend on himself after God. This dependence is foldable and is stronger and lasts for a long time. It is important to note here that the white cane with a red stripe placed on the lower part of the cane symbolizes the person's suffering from loss of vision with deafness or hearing impairment.  Regardless of the type and shape of the white cane, it has become a symbol of the blind person’s independence and his ability to move, work and integrate into society like other individuals. It guides him to directions, barriers and obstacles and spares him the need to touch things that may be difficult or dangerous to touch, thus protecting him from many harms, in addition to providing him with a lot of information that he lacks due to his lack of sight and the inability of the other senses to provide him with it.

The adrenal cortex synthesis the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has a significant effect on diabetes mellitus. Our study targeted to estimate the relationship between serum levels of DHEA sulphate (DHEAS) and the risk of CAD complication for T2DM in men. Ninety Iraqi male subjects were divided into three groups. Each group has thirty people: thirty people type 2 with diabetes mellitus, thirty person type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with CAD complications, and the control group has thirty healthy people. A significant decrease (p<0.01) of DHEAS, was observed in T2DM with CAD (120.8 µg/dl) compared to both T2DM (141.26 µg/dl) and the control group (239.86 µg/dl). Meanwhile, an increased coronary risk index in T2DM with CAD (10.68) compared to both T2DM (7.56) and control group (4.41) was observed. These findings were confirmed by the negative correlation of DHEAs with coronary risk index. We suggested that a decreased level of DHEAS value may be a beneficial sign for future CAD in patients with T2DM.

Entrepreneurship has been an important predictor of resolving the problem of unemployment in Indonesia and other countries through the creation of new jobs. Academics, scholars, and policy researchers especially promote entrepreneurial strategies because of their important role in expanding innovation, enhancing economic growth, and supporting economic development. The primary purpose of this study is to systematically identify and evaluate entrepreneurial intuition research. This study involved data from the Scopus database from 2004 to 2024 using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. For visualization, this study involved VOSviewer software to determine the linkage of variables. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial intuition is often linked with several factors: sustainability, technology usage, and cognitive process. The findings also conclude that there is a robust relationship between entrepreneurial intuition and entrepreneurial intention. This paper also highlights the trend of entrepreneurial ideas for student education and the key role of entrepreneurial learning in enhancing entrepreneurial intuition. The findings of this paper are to allocate avenues for future research on the theme of entrepreneurial intuition.

. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth, innovation, and employment creation, especially in developing countries. This study employs a bibliometric approach to analyze trends, themes, and scholarly contributions to SME research in these regions over the past five years (2020–2024). Drawing on 485 publications from the Scopus database, the analysis reveals significant trends in scholarly output, key citation metrics, influential authors, and emerging research topics. The findings indicate a steady growth in scholarly interest, with the highest publication output observed in 2022. Research topics such as entrepreneurship, digital transformation, green innovation, and financial management are prominent, reflecting their critical importance to SME development. Additionally, sustainability and Industry 4.0-related themes are identified as having high citation impact, underscoring their relevance to contemporary challenges and opportunities for SMEs. China, the United Kingdom, and India are the leading contributors to the field, with substantial contributions from emerging economies such as Malaysia and Indonesia. This study contributes to the understanding of SME research dynamics by highlighting key areas of focus, identifying influential contributions, and mapping the global landscape of SME scholarship. By providing insights into recent trends and thematic priorities, the study offers practical implications for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to enhance the resilience, innovation, and sustainability of SMEs in developing countries. The findings underscore the need for targeted strategies and collaborative efforts to address emerging challenges and foster inclusive economic growth through SME development.

Excise has a role to ensure that the circulation of certain excisable goods has met the distribution standards set by the government. Legal circulation of excisable goods is important so that people in consuming goods, such as tobacco products (cigarettes) have met the distribution standards, in addition to providing education to the community to participate in efforts to increase government revenue in terms of excise rates. Efforts to prevent illegal cigarettes will be effective if they involve various parties, both from law enforcement, universities and the community to help the state maximize state revenue. The goal to be achieved in this activity is to provide an understanding to students about the importance of understanding the importance of working together to prevent the circulation of illegal cigarettes in the community because in addition to having legal impacts on perpetrators and dealers, illegal cigarettes can also reduce state revenue.alization of illegal cigarettes

This research analyzes the domestic problems raised in the novel Hanum & Rangga: Faith & the City using the perspective of Freud's theory. This novel depicts various conflicts that married couples often face, especially regarding gender roles, Islamic values, and the dynamics of a pluralist society. The background of the story shows the clash between personal ambition and household obligations experienced by the main characters, Hanum and Rangga, in the context of modern life in New York. This research aims to identify the internal and external conflicts faced by the main characters and understand the self-defense mechanisms used to overcome these problems. The method used is text analysis with a psychoanalytic approach to explore the psychological dynamics of the characters, including aspects of the id, ego and superego, in dealing with domestic conflict. Research findings show that the problems faced reflect the realities of modern domestic relationships, with a focus on the challenges of maintaining a balance between personal, professional and spiritual life. This research makes an important contribution in understanding how literary works can be a medium for reflection on the complexity of family relationships, as well as highlighting the relevance of Islamic values ??in building harmonious households in the midst of globalization.
 

The holistic learning model in the Muhammadiyah subject at SMK Muhammadiyah Ngawen was developed to answer the challenges of education that tends to prioritize cognitive aspects without paying attention to the integration of spiritual, emotional, and social values. This study uses a literature study method with a qualitative approach to analyze the concept, stages, and implementation of the holistic learning model. The results of the study indicate that this model is able to integrate cognitive, affective, and psychomotor dimensions through contextual, experiential, and reflective approaches that are relevant to students' needs. The learning stages include self-understanding, relationship development, contextual learning, direct experience, reflection, implementation, and continuous development. This model also emphasizes collaboration with the Muhammadiyah community, utilization of technology, and strengthening the role of teachers as learning facilitators. Through a holistic approach, students not only understand Muhammadiyah values ??theoretically but are also able to apply them in everyday life, form an Islamic character with integrity, and become agents of positive change in society. This study makes an important contribution to the development of holistic education in Islamic-based schools.
 

This article analyzes the representation of culture shock in Andrea Hirata's novel Edensor, focusing on the experiences of the main characters, Ikal and Arai, as they interact with European culture. Using Kalvero Oberg's culture shock theory, which includes the stages of honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment, this study explores how both characters undergo shifts in mindset and attitudes when confronted with foreign cultural values. The paper also discusses the impact of culture shock on their character development and its relevance in today's global socio-cultural context, including migration and international education. Through this analysis, it is understood that culture shock is not merely a clash of cultures, but also a crucial process for learning and personal growth. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to interdisciplinary literary studies, particularly in understanding the relationship between literature and social-cultural phenomena.