Indonesia, as a legal state under Article 1(3) of the 1945 Constitution, aspires to achieve sovereignty, justice, and prosperity. Food sovereignty is essential to realizing these constitutional ideals. Law Number 41 of 2009 on the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land (PLP2B) serves as a key legislative framework to safeguard agricultural land. However, its implementation faces significant challenges, including weak enforcement mechanisms, limited coordination among stakeholders, and insufficient public awareness. These obstacles hinder efforts to prevent land conversion and ensure sustainable food security. This research addresses the urgency of fulfilling the constitutional mandate outlined in the second and fourth paragraphs of the Constitution’s Preamble, emphasizing sustainable development and societal welfare. Through a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes the legal policy for protecting agricultural land from constitutional and criminal law perspectives, offering a novel critique of the existing framework. Findings indicate gaps in regulatory synchronization, the absence of effective criminal sanctions to deter violations, and weak institutional coordination. To address these issues, the study recommends strengthening legal provisions, imposing stricter sanctions for land conversion, and improving inter-agency collaboration to ensure effective land protection. This research contributes to the development of legal science by offering practical recommendations for enhancing sustainable land protection policies. It provides valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and law enforcement agencies, supporting efforts to achieve food sovereignty and improve community welfare in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the sentiment of iPhone product reviews from Amazon using the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The dataset, sourced from Kaggle, includes text reviews and star ratings, where high ratings indicate positive sentiment and low ratings indicate negative sentiment. After text preprocessing steps, including data cleaning, tokenization, and sentiment labeling, the BERT model was fine-tuned for sentiment classification, with the data split into training, validation, and test sets. Evaluation results demonstrate that the BERT model achieves a high classification accuracy, with an accuracy rate of 93.9% and a balanced F1 score between precision and recall. Confusion matrix evaluation also indicates that the model consistently identifies both positive and negative sentiments. This study shows that Transformer-based models like BERT are highly effective in understanding customer opinions in e-commerce, with broad application potential for data-driven decision-making in marketing strategies and product development.

This research aims to understand and analyze the forms of work agreements implemented by micro and small enterprises, as well as the implications of the forms of work agreements for legal protection for workers in micro and small enterprises. Every citizen has the right to have work and a decent life. To obtain work, workers need to have an employment relationship with the employer. This employment relationship occurs based on a work agreement made by the employer and the employee which can be made in writing or verbally. The work agreement contains the rights and obligations of both parties, therefore the work agreement is very important as a form of legal protection. It's just that in reality there are still many employment relationships that are not based on employment agreements, such as employment relationships in micro and small enterprises. The absence of a work agreement means that workers' rights and obligations are not fulfilled, and legal protection for them is not strong. The research method used is an empirical juridical method. The research results show that employers/employers make work agreements with their workers in verbal form for an indefinite period of time and do not make appointment letters for their workers. This has implications for legal protection for workers which becomes weak because there is no written proof of the agreement made. The use of verbal employment agreements in micro and small enterprises weakens legal protection for workers, thus policies are needed to encourage the implementation of written employment agreements to enhance legal certainty.



Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan menganalisis bentuk perjanjian kerja yang diterapkan oleh usaha mikro dan kecil, serta implikasi bentuk perjanjian kerja terhadap perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja pada usaha mikro dan kecil. Setiap warga negara berhak untuk memiliki pekerja dan kehidupan yang layak. Untuk memperoleh pekerjaan, pekerja perlu menjalani hubungan kerja dengan pemberi kerja. Hubungan kerja tersebut terjadi atas perjanjian kerja yang dilakukan oleh pemberi kerja dengan pekerja yang dapat dibuat secara tertulis atau lisan. Di dalam perjanjian kerja termuat hak dan kewajiban kedua belah pihak, oleh karena itu perjanjian kerja sangat penting sebagai suatu bentuk perlindungan hukum. Hanya saja pada kenyataannya masih banyak hubungan kerja yang tidak didasarkan pada perjanjian kerja, seperti pada hubungan kerja di usaha mikro dan kecil. Ketiadaan perjanjian kerja itu memungkinkan adanya hak dan kewajiban pekerja yang tidak terpenuhi, serta perlindungan hukum bagi mereka tidak kuat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengusaha/pemberi kerja membuat perjanjian kerja dengan pekerjanya dalam bentuk lisan untuk waktu tidak tertentu dan tidak membuat surat pengangkatan untuk pekerjanya. Hal ini berimplikasi terhadap perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja yang menjadi lemah karena tidak ada bukti tertulis dari kesepakatan yang dibuat. Penggunaan perjanjian kerja lisan pada UMK melemahkan perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan yang mendorong penerapan perjanjian kerja tertulis untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum.

The lack of learning media for early childhood that motivates children to practice clean living behavior in school is the main issue addressed in this study. This research aims to develop a Wordwall game media prototype to instill clean living behavior in Group B Children at TK Permata Sunnah Kindergarten, Kota Selatan District, Gorontalo City. The research utilized a development method, specifically Research and Development (R&D), following the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) proposed by Sugiyono (Aini et al., 2023). The study’s findings reveal that the Wordwall game media is highly feasible for instilling clean living behavior, as indicated by the result of expert validation tests. The material expert validation scored 87,27% (very feasible), and the media expert validation scored 96,67% (very feasible). Additionally, pilot tests with teachers showed a feasible percentage of 88,57% (very feasible), while testing with children yielded a score of 4 (feasible). Finally, usage trials with teachers resulted in a feasibility percentage of 97,14% (very feasible), and large-group testing with children scored 5 (very feasible). The study concludes that the development of the Wordwall game media prototype effectively instills clean living behavior in children..

Many countries are transitioning from conventional energy to renewable energy sources. This transformation requires support through socialization and training activities targeting all sectors of society, including educators in schools. The Al-Hidayah Waqaf Foundation in Thailand is an educational institution with educators who have limited knowledge regarding the implementation of renewable energy as part of energy diversification efforts. Collaborative activities were conducted with the Al-Hidayah Waqaf Foundation in Thailand through socialization and training on renewable energy. The outcomes of these activities provided educators with increased knowledge, information, and perspectives on renewable energy. 

Education in the era of globalization demands the development of students' social skills, including collaboration, to prepare them for the challenges of the 21st century. One effective method to train these skills is small group discussions, which encourage students to share ideas, listen to other perspectives, and reach consensus. This study aims to identify effective strategies in guiding small group discussions to improve student collaboration, focusing on the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study design in one of the high schools that implements the Merdeka Curriculum. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and student collaboration questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that effective strategies include the use of open-ended questions, providing constructive feedback, and dividing roles in groups. In addition, the dynamics of small group discussions can be improved with good conflict management by teachers. This study also found that small group discussions can improve students' collaboration skills, which are reflected in communication, individual responsibility, and group decision making. Implications for the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum show the importance of teacher training to improve the ability to guide small group discussions effectively. This study provides practical and theoretical contributions to the development of collaboration-based learning in Indonesia.

In learning activities, there are many methods that teachers can use in teaching, one of which is the varied lecture method. However, this varied lecture method is often considered boring by students. History teachers are one of the teachers who often use the lecture method, whether it's varied lectures or regular lectures. This is one of the reasons students think history is boring. When students feel bored while studying, the learning outcomes obtained by students will decrease. In this case the author aims to see whether varied lecture methods are still effective for use in learning so that they can improve student learning outcomes. The method in this research is a quantitative method using an approach in the form of direct observation. The population of this study was Class 11 of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Pinang with the sample taken being Class 11 IPS2, totaling 20 people. The research results obtained were that student learning outcomes increased by 36.5% with pre-test results of 31.5% and post-test results of 68%. This means that varied lecture methods are still effective for use in the learning process because they are able to improve student learning outcomes. 

This study explores the regulatory and institutional framework for relocating Indonesia’s national capital (Ibu Kota Nusantara, IKN) from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, a plan rooted in the integrative ideology articulated by Soepomo in 1945. This ideology emphasizes harmony between macrocosmic and microcosmic forces within the state, suggesting that the government center should be located centrally within the country to symbolize supreme authority. The relocation is also seen as a crucial move toward achieving “Indonesia Emas 2045”. However, the enactment of Law No. 3 of 2022, which serves as the legal basis for the relocation, has faced significant criticism, particularly regarding the regulatory, institutional, and funding aspects. Previous studies have often been opinion-based and lacked scientific rigor, especially in addressing the complexities of policy implementation. This research aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed analysis of the policy from regulatory and institutional perspectives. The study uses a normative legal approach, incorporating both statute and conceptual analyses, to evaluate the regulatory and institutional frameworks guiding the capital relocation. While it does not extensively address funding issues, it focuses on identifying how well the existing rules align with the policy’s implementation goals. Findings suggest that while the relocation offers significant benefits, such as promoting national unity and symbolizing progress, the process faces challenges, including conflicts with existing regulations and institutional inefficiencies. The contribution of this study lies in offering actionable insights for both the government and civil society to assess and improve the policy’s implementation, ensuring its alignment with the broader vision of national development.

The debate regarding Omnibus Law as the main means for structuring legal regulations in Indonesia attracted a lot of public attention when the Omnibus Law method, which was previously little known in Indonesia as a country that adheres to the Continental European legal system, was used in the preparation of draft laws (RUU). How does the constitutional transition to the establishment of an omnibus law on copyright work in a democratic country? How do we review the constitutionality of the implementation of the Omnibus Law and the copyright mechanism in the formation of statutory regulations? This research uses the concept of normative descriptive research, or what can be called normative juridical research. With this method, law is interpreted as what is written in legislation (law in a book), or law is interpreted as a legal rule, which is a standard for appropriate behavior. The Omnibus Law method practiced in the common law system is interpreted as a (new) law that regulates various kinds of regulations to simplify the various laws that are still in force. Constitutionally, the legal position of the omnibus law concept has not been regulated in the legal system or in the laws and regulations in Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, which was formed using the Omnibus method, is considered to be constitutionally contradictory because it does not have clear objectives and formulation, both in terms of the standard of formation, the systematics of its creation, and the process of changing its substance.

Student character development is one of the main goals of education, especially in madrasas based on Islamic teachings. However, there are still many students who have difficulty internalizing Islamic values in their daily lives. This is influenced by a lack of spiritual understanding, weak self-control, and less than optimal guidance methods. Islamic counseling, which is based on the principles of the Qur'an and Hadith, is a relevant holistic approach to strengthen students' Islamic character through the cultivation of spiritual, intellectual, and social values. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic counseling on students' character building in madrasah, identify the most affected character aspects, and provide recommendations for integrating Islamic counseling services into the Guidance and Counseling program. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, the research involved in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Data were collected from students, guidance teachers, and homeroom teachers to explore the experience and impact of Islamic counseling on students' characters, such as honesty, responsibility, discipline, and empathy. The results showed that Islamic counseling is effective in improving student character, especially in terms of self-control and social interaction. The findings support the importance of integrating Islamic counseling services as part of the educational program in madrasah to achieve more optimal character building. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a structured and effective Islamic counseling program.