The daily exchange of informatics over the Internet has both eased the widespread proliferation of resources to ease accessibility, availability and interoperability of accompanying devices. In addition, the recent widespread proliferation of smartphones alongside other computing devices has continued to advance features such as miniaturization, portability, data access ease, mobility, and other merits. It has also birthed adversarial attacks targeted at network infrastructures and aimed at exploiting interconnected cum shared resources. These exploits seek to compromise an unsuspecting user device cum unit. Increased susceptibility and success rate of these attacks have been traced to user's personality traits and behaviours, which renders them repeatedly vulnerable to such exploits especially those rippled across spoofed websites as malicious contents. Our study posits a stacked, transfer learning approach that seeks to classify malicious contents as explored by adversaries over a spoofed, phishing websites. Our stacked approach explores 3-base classifiers namely Cultural Genetic Algorithm, Random Forest, and Korhonen Modular Neural Network – whose output is utilized as input for XGBoost meta-learner. A major challenge with learning scheme(s) is the flexibility with the selection of appropriate features for estimation, and the imbalanced nature of the explored dataset for which the target class often lags behind. Our study resolved dataset imbalance challenge using the SMOTE-Tomek mode; while, the selected predictors was resolved using the relief rank feature selection. Results shows that our hybrid yields F1 0.995, Accuracy 0.997, Recall 0.998, Precision 1.000, AUC-ROC 0.997, and Specificity 1.000 – to accurately classify all 2,764 cases of its held-out test dataset. Results affirm that it outperformed bench-mark ensembles. Result shows the proposed model explored UCI Phishing Website dataset, and effectively classified phishing (cues and lures) contents on websites.

Diabetes is the body’s inability to efficiently break down sugar or secrete enough insulin required to process glucose, which supports normal bodily functions. Diabetes, as a prevalent chronic disorder, has contributed to numerous underlying health challenges among its carriers and is classified by the WHO as the world’s deadliest disease and silent killer. Its non-communicable nature makes early diagnosis difficult, allowing progression through various stages: type I, type II, pre-diabetes, and gestational. This challenge is further compounded by the imbalanced nature of diabetes datasets, which leads to high misclassification, poor generalization, and reduced accuracy. This study predicts diabetes using a bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model applied to two datasets: (a) PIMA Indian Diabetes and (b) Iraqi Society Dataset, to evaluate the impact of six known balancing techniques and assess their effectiveness. Results show that for PID, the SMOTE-Tomek fused BiLSTM outperforms other balancing schemes with F1, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and Specificity scores of 0.9182, 0.9198, 0.9128, 0.9248, and 0.9208, respectively. For ISD, it also achieves the best performance with values of 0.9367, 0.9369, 0.9386, 0.9388, and 0.9313, respectively. Other balancing approaches yielded F1 scores ranging from [0.6751 to 0.9347], accuracy [0.684 to 0.9358], Precision [0.6851 to 0.9296], Recall [0.6639 to 0.9356], and specificity [0.6658 to 0.9298]. These results imply that BiLSTM is resilient to the vanishing gradient problem and can effectively classify diabetes cases with enhanced performance.