Currently, the number of Children with Special Needs (ABK) continues to increase every year, making the role of teachers increasingly vital in providing inclusive education services in schools. This increase in the number of ABK requires teachers to have adequate competencies to provide education tailored to the needs of each child. In this context, inclusive education is crucial, as it provides opportunities for all children, including those with special needs, to learn together in the same environment. This study aims to analyze the role of teachers in the context of inclusive education in Early Childhood Education (PAUD). The method used in this study is qualitative with a narrative approach, conducted in several PAUD institutions in Malang. The results show that teachers have a very important role in inclusive education in PAUD. The role of teachers in question covers several aspects, including the ability to recognize Children with Special Needs (ABK), conduct initial assessments of student needs, and understand how to implement appropriate learning for ABK. In addition, teachers are also expected to be able to use assistive devices to provide simple stimulation to ABK and know how to involve parents in handling ABK. The importance of the teacher's role in inclusive education lies not only in academic abilities, but also in social and emotional skills in creating a supportive learning environment. This research provides valuable insights for the development of training programs for teachers to improve their skills in inclusive education, which is expected to have a positive impact on the quality of education in early childhood education (PAUD). With appropriate training, teachers can be better prepared to face the challenges of teaching children with special needs and ensure that every child receives a quality education tailored to their needs. This research is expected to encourage educational institutions to pay more attention to training and professional development for teachers, so they can contribute optimally to creating inclusive and quality education.

The global demand for energy, particularly fuel oil, continues to increase along with the growth in the number of vehicles and industrial activity. However, limited fossil fuel reserves and the environmental impacts of their use have prompted various studies to find alternative fuels that are more environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable. In this context, ethanol and xylene have emerged as two potential fuel additive candidates. Ethanol is known as a biofuel derived from renewable sources and has a high octane rating and oxygen content that can support a more complete combustion process. On the other hand, xylene is an aromatic compound with a high octane rating that can improve combustion stability and reduce the risk of knocking or detonation in engines. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ethanol and xylene additions on the flame characteristics of Pertamax fuel, particularly in terms of flame duration and height. Through a laboratory experimental approach, observations were made on the combustion process of pure Pertamax and several fuel blends with varying ethanol and xylene contents. The results showed that pure Pertamax produced a flame with an average duration of 0.734 seconds and a flame height of 4.5 cm, while one of the best blends, namely the fourth blend containing ethanol and xylene, produced a flame duration of 1.084 seconds and a flame height of 5.7 cm. These findings indicate that the addition of ethanol and xylene can significantly improve combustion performance. These results not only enrich knowledge regarding the combustion characteristics of blended fuels, but also open up opportunities for the development of alternative fuel formulations that are more environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and support reducing dependence on fossil fuels in the future.

Profitability is one of the key indicators in assessing a company's ability to generate profits and plays a crucial role in financial decision-making. According to the pecking order theory, companies with high profitability tend to prefer using internal funds and reduce reliance on debt. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability on debt policy, as well as to examine the role of dividend policy as a moderating variable in this relationship. The study employed Slovin’s formula for sample selection and analyzed 263 non-financial publicly listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2023. The data used in this research were secondary data obtained from annual financial reports published on the official website of the IDX or the respective company websites. Profitability was measured using return on assets (ROA), debt policy was measured by the debt-to-equity ratio (DER), and dividend policy was measured by the dividend payout ratio (DPR). The analytical method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS software. The results indicate that profitability has a negative effect on debt policy, meaning that the more profitable a company is, the less likely it is to depend on debt financing. Additionally, the findings suggest that dividend policy does not significantly moderate the relationship between profitability and debt policy. This implies that whether a company distributes dividends or not does not meaningfully influence how profitability affects its debt decisions. These results are in line with the pecking order theory and provide insight for corporate financial managers in planning funding structures. It also emphasizes the importance of internally generated funds for companies with strong earnings performance.

This study explores the key determinants of field engineer efficiency in the field service industry by analyzing the impact of self-efficacy, resource management, and time management on operational performance. Employing a quantitative research approach, data were collected using saturated sampling from 102 field engineers and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. The measurement model showed robust psychometric properties, satisfying the thresholds for convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability. The structural model results indicate that all three independent variables significantly influence field engineer efficiency. Self-efficacy was found to have the strongest effect (? = 0.421, p < 0.001), followed by resource management (? = 0.347, p < 0.001) and time management (? = 0.289, p < 0.001). The model accounts for 68.7% of the variance in field engineer efficiency, reflecting strong explanatory power and predictive accuracy. Among these variables, self-efficacy emerged as the most dominant factor, suggesting that field engineers' belief in their ability to perform tasks is a critical driver of operational success. High self-efficacy enhances motivation, resilience, and effective problem-solving under pressure, making it essential in dynamic and unpredictable field environments. Resource and time management also play crucial roles in supporting engineers' ability to complete tasks efficiently by ensuring optimal allocation of tools, equipment, and time. The findings provide practical implications for field service organizations aiming to improve workforce performance. Investing in training programs that strengthen self-efficacy, combined with systematic improvements in resource and time management practices, can significantly enhance operational outcomes. By prioritizing these factors, organizations can boost engineer efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve service delivery, ultimately gaining a stronger competitive advantage in the industry.

Tempoyak is a traditional Indonesian fermented food made from the flesh of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), which undergoes spontaneous fermentation driven by indigenous microorganisms. The fermentation process generally occurs under anaerobic conditions and is primarily dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including species such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus. These bacteria play a crucial role in modifying the physicochemical properties of the product, including a significant reduction in pH, an increase in the concentration of organic acids, and the formation of volatile compounds responsible for tempoyak’s distinctive aroma and overall flavor complexity. In addition to enhancing its unique sensory profile, the fermentation process also extends the shelf life and introduces probiotic potential to the final product. This study aims to observe and analyze the microbiological and chemical aspects of tempoyak fermentation and to evaluate its potential as a local functional food with health-promoting properties. Laboratory tests and microbial analyses confirmed that the fermentation process not only retains essential nutrients but also promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, provided the production conditions are hygienically maintained at all stages. The study emphasizes the importance of controlled fermentation techniques to ensure product safety and consistent quality. Furthermore, the findings reveal that tempoyak could serve as a promising probiotic-rich food that supports digestive health, contributing to the diversification of traditional Indonesian fermented foods. With its appealing flavor, cultural value, growing consumer interest, and potential health benefits, tempoyak holds significant promise for future development and commercialization, particularly in the field of functional food innovation rooted in indigenous culinary practices.

This study examines the effectiveness of implementing a democratic classroom management model in enhancing student learning motivation at Jambu Public Elementary School 3. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through direct classroom observations and interviews involving teachers and students. The aim was to understand how democratic principles applied in classroom settings could influence students’ motivation, behavior, and engagement in learning activities. The findings reveal that adopting democratic leadership in classroom management creates an inclusive, respectful, and participatory learning environment. Students are encouraged to express opinions, collaborate in decision-making, and take ownership of their learning process. This approach significantly enhances intrinsic motivation, responsibility, and student independence. It also helps reduce passive behavior and fosters a sense of belonging and self-worth among students. The results are in line with several prominent educational theories. According to Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan), autonomy and relatedness are key drivers of motivation, which are facilitated through democratic practices. Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning, which is actively promoted in this model. Carl Rogers’ humanistic approach also supports the creation of a learning climate centered on empathy and student potential, while Rudolf Dreikurs’ Adlerian classroom model advocates for respectful teacher-student relationships and cooperative behavior. Overall, the implementation of a democratic classroom management model is considered effective in promoting both academic achievement and character development at the elementary level. The study recommends broader application of this model in primary education settings to support holistic student growth and to foster a learning culture rooted in mutual respect, responsibility, and student agency.
 

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of graphic design training using CorelDraw software in developing students’ soft skills at SMP Ibrahimy 3 Sukorejo. Softskills such as creativity, visual communication, collaboration, and problem-solving are essential competencies that should be cultivated from an early age, especially in the digital and creative industry era. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a participatory approach through direct observation, interviews, and documentation during the training sessions. The results indicate that the training not only enhanced students’ understanding of basic graphic design techniques but also fostered self-confidence, teamwork abilities, and an appreciation of visual aesthetics. Students’ active participation in designing logos, brochures, and other promotional media served as a key indicator of the success of this contextual learning approach. Therefore, the CorelDraw training has proven to be an effective strategy for strengthening students’ soft skills and is relevant to be integrated into 21st-century skills-based educational programs.

Dysmenorrhea is pain that a person feels during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea in adolescent females can adversely affect the learning process, as menstrual discomfort often impairs concentration and cognitive engagement. In more severe cases, the intensity of pain may necessitate rest, resulting in school absenteeism. Consequently, effective management of menstrual pain is essential to minimize its impact on daily functioning and to support the academic and psychosocial well-being of affected adolescents. This study aims to find out the difference between the administration of tamarind turmeric and red ginger decoctions on menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in adolescent girls. The design of the study used a quasi-experiment with two group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was adolescents girl of classes VII, VIII, and IX, of 115 people. The total sample of this study was 40 people, consisting of two groups of 20 people in the tamarind turmeric group and 20 in the red-ginger group. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. This research instrument used the Numeric Rating Scale questionnaire (NRS). Statistical test using independent t test, with p value: 0,397, indicating that there was no significant difference in dysmenorrhea after the intervention between the turmeric-tamarind group and the red ginger group. Both turmeric-tamarind and red ginger decoctions can be one of the non-pharmacological therapies to help reduce menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). 

Antenatal Care (ANC) is an essential component of maternal health services that plays a vital role in maintaining the health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy and delivery. In Indonesia, coverage of ANC services K1 has reached 100%, but coverage of K4 has only reached 78% and has not met the national target. A case study in Sidenreng Rappang Regency showed better results with K1 coverage of 98% and K4 reaching 97%, although there is still room for improvement. This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design aims to analyze the relationship between maternal knowledge, attitudes, and husband's support factors on the utilization of ANC services at the Compong Village Health Post. The study population included 190 mothers with toddlers registered at the Compong Village Health Post. Sampling was carried out using the Slovin formula with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, resulting in 127 respondents as the research sample. The data collection method was carried out through a structured questionnaire containing questions about respondent characteristics, level of knowledge, attitudes towards ANC, and level of husband's support. Data analysis used the Chi-Square statistical test with a significance level of p<0.05 to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results revealed several important findings. First, there was a significant relationship (p=0.002) between maternal knowledge and utilization of ANC services. Second, maternal attitudes also showed a significant relationship (p=0.001) with the frequency of ANC visits. Third, husband's support was shown to have a significant influence (p=0.003) on maternal participation in ANC programs. These findings confirm the multifactorial role in determining ANC service utilization. Practical implications of this study include recommendations for improving health education programs that not only target pregnant women but also actively involve husbands.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the extent to which sand quality influences consumer purchasing decisions in the sand mining area located in Kalicilik Hamlet, Candirejo Village, Blitar Regency. The background of this research is based on the fact that in the construction and development sector, the quality of building materials is a very crucial factor. Sand, as one of the main components in construction, plays a vital role in determining the final outcome of a construction project. Therefore, the quality of the sand used is a primary consideration for consumers in choosing a location or sand seller. This study applies a quantitative approach using a survey method as a data collection technique. Respondents in this study consisted of 74 consumers who actively make purchases at the sand mining location. Data were obtained through the distribution of questionnaires containing questions related to consumer perceptions of sand quality and their decisions in making purchases. The collected data were then analyzed using simple linear regression analysis techniques run with the help of SPSS software. The results of the analysis indicate a highly significant relationship between sand quality and consumer purchasing decisions. This is demonstrated by the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.540, meaning that 54% of the variation in consumer purchasing decisions can be explained by sand quality. Furthermore, the significance value of 0.000 strengthens this finding, indicating that the relationship is not a coincidence. Therefore, this study concludes that the better the quality of sand offered by the mining company, the higher the likelihood of consumers deciding to purchase. The implication of these results is that businesses in the sand mining sector need to pay special attention to the quality of the products they offer.